Undercover Inflammation?

There is increasing mention of the word inflammation these days - in relation to diabetes for instance. Put the word into Google and you get 66 million hits. Many of them will be talking in alarmist terms, claiming that inflammation causes nearly every worrying disease you can think of. They go on to recommend anti-inflammatory diets or supplements. It's a typical sales pitch: create concern; convince customers they have a need and then offer a solution.

But scientists also seem interested in chronic inflammation, so what is behind this increasing interest?

Inflammation is the emergency response of the immune system. If you scratch your hand in the garden, within 24 hours it will be red and swollen. Around the scratch, tissues are flooded with fluid. This contains a potent mix of immune chemicals whose main role is to disable bacteria by attaching themselves, in a kind of chemical rugby tackle. They will also send out an alarm call to millions of immune cells (white blood cells). When they arrive on site they destroy the immobilised bacteria. Within a couple of days the redness and swelling is subsiding and the inflammation starts to disappear as the immune system stands down. Inflammation is nature's way of protecting the body against bacterial invasion and it saves lives on a routine basis.

The problem comes when there is inflammation without any invading bacteria.

Unwanted inflammation can cause damage to healthy tissues. In the absence of an enemy, the troops (the immune cells and chemicals) start picking a fight with the civilians. A vivid demonstration of this is seen in rheumatoid arthritis in which inflammation gradually causes permanent damage to a joint. 

Recent research has been unpicking the complex links between obesity and raised levels of inflammation chemicals in the body. These chemicals are referred to a “inflammatory markers” in research papers.

When someone gains weight, they don’t grow more fat cells. Instead, their fat cells store more and more fat, like balloons filling with water. When they get to a certain size they start to trigger tiny amounts of inflammation. This may be because they start to leak, or start interacting with immune cells in abnormal ways. Recent research has revealed that they can even start behaving a bit like immune cells when they become over-filled with fat. The net result is that there are more inflammation-related chemicals sloshing around the body than you would want. These chemicals can cause slow and subtle damage to tissues and play their part in chronic diseases. They are a link in the chain between increased body fat and the increased risk of heart disease and diabetes.

There is lots of research going on into the exact mechanisms. This is fascinating for those involved but the immune system is unimaginably complicated and therefore difficult to tweak. Science is unlikely to come up with any miraculous, seise-effect-free drugs that will protect obese people from diabetes and heart disease.

If you are overweight and concerned about your health then pills and potions will not “reduce inflammation”. They will just waste your money and make supplement sellers rich. The solution, I'm afraid is to eat a better diet, lose weight and shrink those fat cells.

"Obesity makes fat cells act like they’re infected." Science Daily article.

http://bit.ly/10aMgRR

Using Regulatory Immune Cells to Control Arthritis

For years now immunologists have been trying to understand auto-immune diseases, which occur when the immune system turns its weapons on the cells of its own body. This is no easy task because the immune system is extremely complex, consisting of many different types of immune cells and a host of complex chemicals. All of these interact and like the musicians in an orchestra they normally they produce a seamless performance. Orchestras need to play faster and more loudly at times but they also need to reverse this so as to play softly or slowly. In an autoimmune disease it’s as if one section of the orchestra is ignoring the conductor and just keeps playing louder and faster. The conductor’s job in the immune system is undertaken by regulatory T cells. These are a type of lymphocyte, also known as Tregs or CD8 cells, that calm things down after a period of inflammation. 

One of the most common autoimmune diseases is rheumatoid arthritis. In arthritis immune cells start attacking joints and the inflammation this causes runs out of control. For some reason the Tregs can't calm things down.

In some recently reported work, researchers injected some of Tregs into mice with arthritis and they worked – reducing the unwanted inflammation in the joints. They also used a technique to increase the number of Tregs produced by the mice and this also worked.

It is no easy task to tweak the workings of the immune system. Conventional drugs such as steroids can blunt more than one aspect of the immune system and cause other serious side effects throughout the body.

Experiments like these are beginning to give hope that one day the mountain of research papers in immunology will pay some real dividends in terms of treatments.

Article in Science Daily