tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37808887147738815792023-11-15T17:44:30.454+00:00Jessica Madge's BlogYour immune system: the facts, the evidence and the common senseJessica Madgehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14269213390078691607noreply@blogger.comBlogger32125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3780888714773881579.post-73644308561745201632015-03-20T11:29:00.002+00:002015-03-20T11:35:06.272+00:00Why a return of scarlet fever? <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Medical authorities in England are reporting a sharp increase in scarlet
fever. This disease, which tends to affect children rather than adults, was
once common. Many great-grandparents can recall being admitted to “fever
hospitals” when they contracted it in the 1930s and 40s. These were special isolation
units set up to nurse and isolate children who were suffering from infectious
diseases. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">It starts with a sore throat caused by a bacterium. The infection then
becomes more widespread in the body, causing the rash of scarlet fever. Scarlet fever is
potentially dangerous because it can develop into rheumatic fever, a
complication that can infect and permanently damage heart valves. It was named
“rheumatic” because inflamed joints are often involved. In my copy of the John
Bull Family Doctor (first owned Ivor J Rees, in 1933) the page that describes
how to nurse a sufferer is the only one with the corner turned down. Aspirin,
for the joint pain, was the only medicine available.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Both my parents had rheumatic fever and my father’s heart was so badly
damaged that he died at 34. I was only four at the time so I have few memories
of him. My mother-in-law also had rheumatic fever, which caused heart problems throughout
her life. She was admitted to hospital with rheumatic fever as a small girl (“I
couldn’t understand why my mother had left me there.”) and, while there, she contracted diphtheria as well. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In the 1950s and 60s rates of scarlet fever declined sharply, probably
because antibiotics became available as a fast and effective treatment for
infected throats. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">People have been asking why there is a resurgence of this disease, which
has been so rare in recent generations. Several possibilities occur to me:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">GPs
are, quite rightly, trying not to prescribe antibiotics for sore throats, saying
things like "come back in 7 days if it’s not better". Most sore
throats are viral and do clear up. But some bacterial sore throats might be
missed as an unintended consequence of this change in GP behavior and could, in
a week, develop into scarlet fever.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Children
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">are</i> getting the antibiotics but the
bacteria are becoming resistant. The prescription does not work and the throat develops
into scarlet fever.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In
some areas GP services are under such pressure that parents may be having difficulty
getting an appointment. Again a delay in seeing a doctor may result in a bad throat
becoming scarlet fever.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Another
factor may be an increase in poverty. Other bacterial diseases, notably TB,
were steadily declining in the years <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">before</i>
antibiotics were discovered. There is a link between TB and overcrowded,
impoverished living conditions. Could the same apply to Scarlet Fever? For
instance it may be that (due to changes to housing benefit) there is an
increase in families living in bad quality, overcrowded housing. It could also
be that there is an increase in families who don't have enough to eat (indicated
by the growth of food banks). I remember a few years ago being quite shocked to read that rheumatic fever was
not rare in New Zealand. The incidence is higher in Maoris and Pacific Islanders.
These groups tend to suffer significantly more poverty and overcrowding, and worse health, than
the white population. I wondered if the same picture might be found in
Australia, where indigenous ethnic groups do even worse than in New Zealand and, blow me down, I was right.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">It is
possible that several factors are coming together to cause an upsurge in this
unpleasant and potentially dangerous disease. If the incidence continues to
rise, UK health officials could do worse than look to Australia and New Zealand
to see what could be learned.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/%C2%A0http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-31873696"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">BBC article on increase</span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<a href="http://www.health.govt.nz/our-work/diseases-and-conditions/rheumatic-fever"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Rheumatic fever in New Zealand</span></a><br />
<a href="http://www.rhdaustralia.org.au/about-arf-rhd/epidemiology"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Rheumatic fever in Australia</span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
Jessica Madgehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14269213390078691607noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3780888714773881579.post-1351910853744989792015-03-10T12:16:00.000+00:002015-03-18T11:28:43.284+00:00Why's my virus lingering?<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In my previous post, written while in the gloomy grip
of a viral illness I was eagerly awaiting the arrival of legions of
lymphocytes and antibodies, all perfectly honed to deal with this particular
virus. I am now at the “lingering” phase.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Disabling lassitude and gloom receded as my
innate immune system retired from the field. My energy levels are nearly
recovered but my sinuses are sensitive and my nasal passages and larynx are
still decidedly <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">damp</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And everyone I speak to who has had a winter
virus seems to have the same complaint – it’s gone, in the main, but not yet
forgotten. “It’s lingering” seems to be the common theme.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">We should nod with respect to the complex
interaction that helps us move into phase two. The innate system obviously
“knows” when it can let up with those darn cytokines and let the adaptive
system do its work. Hence the big leap forward after 4-7 days.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">But why does the miraculous and ultimately
effective adaptive immune system take so long to finally get rid of coughs and catarrh?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">We have to imagine a numbers game. Viruses
“breed” by invading cells and using material in those cells to make a new batch
of viruses. The numbers produced are very, very large. Every time an infected
cell bursts open they are releasing many thousands of virus particles with the potential to infect nearby cells. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">The lymphocytes and antibodies are numerous too,
but as they start to do their work, the virus production line is well-established so there is a massive amount of
catching up to be done. It’s a bit like weeding a large patch of land on which
the weeds are already producing seeds and the seedlings are sprouting almost as
fast as the gardener can work. In the
end the adaptive immune system always eliminates the last few viral particles. And
the bonus prize is that it remembers the unique signature of the virus, so if
you encounter it again next year it will be despatched without causing a single
symptom.</span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><br /></span>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">I have just read a long and detailed account of the interaction between the immune system and the virus during flu (see link, below). As I sit here coughing I am slightly cheered by the thought that the sticky cough-inducing mucus in my larynx is the result of the wholesale death of infected cells.</span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This little episode has reminded me that
influenza and other flu-like illnesses do nothing to enhance life. They can
wipe out a week, or three while you wait for them to go. At least when it comes
to influenza itself it’s easy to reduce the chances of picking it up by having a
flu jab every autumn. It won’t prevent every possible virus – but it increases
your chances of having a flu-free winter, and that’s worth having.</span><br />
<a href="http://bit.ly/19yZ5jr"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">http://bit.ly/19yZ5jr</span></a><br />
<br /></div>
Jessica Madgehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14269213390078691607noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3780888714773881579.post-3558257350790225902015-02-26T11:30:00.000+00:002015-02-26T11:30:16.837+00:00Nature's best cold cure<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">It’s been years since I suffered from a “flu like illness”, years since
I’ve had a cold at all in fact. But this week my luck has run out and I’m distracting myself by writing about the way the immune system reacts to viral infections.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">As soon as a virus starts invading your respiratory membranes the innate
division of your immune system detects the problem and swings into action. It
produces chemicals known as cytokines that cause the symptoms we associate with
a cold: mucus production, sneezing, stuffy nose and cough. Cytokines also
affect your brain, making you feel lethargic. The body’s temperature control
centre (also in the brain) may be affected, causing a <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“temperature”. Inflammation is another feature
of the innate immune system, hence the sore throat and pink eyes. It’s not the
virus itself that causes all these effects – it’s the innate immune system reacting
to it. In some viral diseases, such as pandemic flu, the immune system reaction
can be so severe as to cause death.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">While all this is going on and you’re struggling to carry on working, or
flopped around apathetically watching daytime TV, the adaptive branch of the
immune system is also working hard in the background. A swollen gland or lymph
node can accompany this activity. A production line is being set up for B lymphocytes
that will release antibodies against this particular virus along with a flood
of uniquely-targeted T lymphocytes that will destroy the virus-infected cells.
The process of getting this second-wave attack off the ground takes 4 - 7 days. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sometimes the innate system does the trick and you “shake off the cold”
quite quickly. On other occasions you just have to wait until the adaptive
system is in full swing and has cleared the virus from your system. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ibuprofen and paracetamol are helpful for relieving many of the symptoms. They are not cures however - nothing is, apart from the immune system itself.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Doctors call these viral infections “self-limiting illnesses”. Sit them
out and your immune system <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">will</i> make
you better. The body in this case is its own healer, rolling out an incredibly sophisticated
dual-phase 100% successful cold cure. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">In a few cases there are complications caused by bacteria which
like to</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">breed in the soggy, congested
corners of the respiratory system. Babies and toddlers are more susceptible and
chest infections are the most worrying. The immune system changes throughout life and
as people move into their 60s and beyond they too also more likely to get a
chest infection.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A bacterial chest infection that needs antibiotics is something more than just a
cough. For symptoms, when to worry and other vulnerable groups see:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span><a href="http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Chest-infection-adult/Pages/Introduction.aspx"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Chest-infection-adult/Pages/Introduction.aspx </span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<a href="http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Chest-infection-adult/Pages/Introduction.aspx"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/pages/spotting-signs-serious-illness.aspx#close</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The adaptive immune system remembers each virus it has encountered and will
deal with it swiftly in future. However there are many viruses
that can cause these annoying infections and because they keep mutating you
will never, however long you live, be able to fend off every one.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">The one I’m grappling with this week is rather persistent – but 5 days
in now and I’m beginning to feel a slight lifting of the inertia that has
consumed my week. I have, at least, finished writing this blog. But my patience
is wearing thin, so do your stuff now, adaptive immune system, bring on those
lymphocytes and bring me relief.</span></div>
Jessica Madgehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14269213390078691607noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3780888714773881579.post-48782295502418664262015-01-19T19:18:00.000+00:002015-01-19T19:19:07.968+00:00Norovirus - latest news<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Winter vomiting (noro) virus is usually a brief, illness that
lasts for a few days. For the vulnerable though diarhoea and vomiting can be
more serious and if it spreads in institutional environments it can cause big
problems. It transmits very easily – just a few viral particles are all that is
required to infect someone. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">We don’t know a great deal about why it is more common in winter or why
an outbreak can appear “out of nowhere”. There is a suspicion that some
individuals can carry the virus in their bodies for a long period. This happens
with some other pathogens that use the faecal-oral route, such as the one that
causes typhoid. In the notorious case of “Typhoid Mary” a cook passed the
infection to a number of people, over a number of years.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A paper published this week has shed new light on the biology of
norovirus. Researchers used a strain of mice that were infected with the virus.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">One surprising discovery is that certain antibiotics, if given before
infection, seem to have a protective effect against noro. This has led to the
suspicion that certain gut bacteria can live in symbiotic partnership with the
virus and sustain a long-term infection. This mechanism could facilitate a
reservoir of infection in the community. Kill the bacteria with antibiotics and
you might prevent long term noro infection.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">This discovery seems unlikely to lead to antibiotic treatment for the
average case of norovirus. The immune system brings about its own cure, within
a few days. It’s a classic example of a self-limiting illness. Also, trying to
eliminate specific bacteria in the gut is a tricky business – you can kill off
friendly bacteria and leave the field clear for the much more persistent Clostridium
difficile infection. Any headines suggesting a prospect of antibiotic
treatment for noro are misleading.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The other discovery is that there is a specific immune chemical, a
fairly recent discovery, that can attack this virus. The immune system’s
armoury of chemical weapons is vast and there is still a lot to learn about how
individual chemicals interact with specific pathogens. Interferons are a
category that have formed the basis for drug development. As drugs they tend to
be used for serious illnesses. A fairly newly discovered interferon seems to
have had success in eliminating noro infection in mice. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Again this is contributing to the understanding of the virus and the detailed operation of the immune system. In the long term, dosing “carriers” of
norovirus, who are not ill, with a potent interferon-based drug, is unlikely to
prove to be a practical proposition. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The best defence agains noro virus is hygiene. Wash hands regularly during the winter and if anyone in the family is ill, use diluted bleach to swab down bathroom surfaces.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><a href="http://bit.ly/14CQc50">http://bit.ly/14CQc50</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<a href="http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Norovirus/Pages/Introduction.aspx" style="font-family: Arial;">http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Norovirus/Pages/Introduction.aspx</a></div>
Jessica Madgehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14269213390078691607noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3780888714773881579.post-70640693536059115792014-12-31T15:16:00.000+00:002014-12-31T15:16:13.200+00:00What is plasma treatment?<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">It’s reported in the press that a health care
worker, recently diagnosed with Ebola, is being offered plasma treatment in a London hospital. This
involves a transfusion of plasma from patients who have recovered from Ebola.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Plasma (blood with the cells removed) is a rich
broth, full of antibodies and other immune proteins. The treatment should
perhaps be re-named “antibody transfusion”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">When there's a new, unfamiliar infection the
adaptive division of the immune system takes a while to set up a production
line for the appropriate antibodies. First, a wandering immune cell detects the
presence of a virus or bacterium and carries it to a
lymph node where it's examined by passing lymphocytes. If a lymphocyte identifies it as a new threat it settles down in
the lymph node, cloning a huge number of identical self-copies. These are then
released (into the plasma) with the capacity to flood the body with millions of
copies of the newly minted antibody. It is this lymphocyte-cloning process that
takes several days.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">The danger is, that in a disease like Ebola, a
patient could die before their own antibodies can be produced in sufficient
quantities to eliminate the virus. An infusion of antibodies from a recovered
patient has the potential to keep them alive until their own production gets up
to speed. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">From the late 1890s plasma has been used to
treat infections. Often the donor was a horse, which had been inoculated with a
virus or bacterium causing it to form ample quantities of the antibody. The
technique saved many lives but had its disadvantages – the need to keep large
stables of horses and the risk of developing immune reactions to equine plasma
proteins to name but two. The practice declined rapidly with the discovery of
antibiotics and other modern drugs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Plasma donated by human Ebola survivors has proved
useful in previous outbreaks and is probably the best treatment currently
available. As with any type of blood transfusion donors should be screened for
viruses such as HIV. WHO has recently issued guidelines.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">I’m sure we all hope that in this current UK case
it will prove successful.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/135591/1/WHO_HIS_SDS_2014.8_eng.pdf<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
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Jessica Madgehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14269213390078691607noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3780888714773881579.post-39299288149962308572014-12-20T11:26:00.000+00:002014-12-20T11:26:42.488+00:00Scientists synthesise antibodies<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">This week scientists at Yale University have announced one of those
game-changing achievements that could change the future of medicine. And, probably, win a Nobel prize. They have synthesized mini-antibodies that can
function within the body and attack both cancer cells and disease-causing
agents. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">An antibody is a highly complex macro-molecule, produced by the adaptive
division of the immune system. It’s a powerful bespoke weapon that will only
attack a single type of bacterium, a particular strain of virus or a cancer
cell with a particular genetic signature. They lock on to receptors on the
surface of the pathogens and disable them. Imagine them as tiny wheel clamps
that are individually designed for each new make of car that comes on the
market. One of the problems with antibody production is that it is not instant.
It takes the immune system several days or weeks to get its production line up
to speed and in a serious disease like Ebola, the patient can die before enough
antibodies are produced. Once the antibody template has been produced, it can
be used more swiftly whenever the particular threat re-appears.To work on
cancer cells the immune system first has to identify them as alien.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Antibodies are tiny and these new synthetic antibodies even smaller.
Picture a bespoke wheel clamp on a jumbo jet. But that might make them easier
to produce. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Currently there are just a few ways in which medicine can use antibodies:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Vaccines – in which the body is induced to create a new type of antibody
without becoming ill. New vaccines are hard to develop.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Extracting antibodies from blood of those previously infected. This is
being tried currently to treat Ebola. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Snake bite serum – produced by injecting animals with small amount of
venom and then extracting antibodies from blood serum.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Monoclonal antibodies – producing an individual antibody type in the
lab, using a complex biological system.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">If simpler synthetic antibodies could be produced by a less laborious
process than monoclonal antibodies it would open the door to a wide range of
options in treating infectious diseases and cancers. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A ground breaking moment in immunology without a doubt.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://bit.ly/13kPg4T"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">http://bit.ly/13kPg4T</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
Jessica Madgehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14269213390078691607noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3780888714773881579.post-28041293763061103752014-12-10T15:53:00.001+00:002014-12-10T15:53:04.213+00:00The immune system cleans up<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The immune system is a teeming mass of interacting cells and complex
organic chemicals that enable our bodies to deal with microbes. Immunologists
have been toiling away for decades now and their
research is, these days, at the level of individual molecular pathways. There
are millions of these pathways – the circuit diagrams in an unimaginably
complex computer.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">One of the less well-known roles of the immune system is to identify and remove faulty, worn out or cancerous body cells. In other words it doesn't just fight off intruders, it declutters the house as well. It is fundamental to the
immune system that it must, every day, make millions of judgements about what
is ‘self’ and ‘not self’ so that it knows whether or not action is needed. It
seems that cells that don’t pass its quality control process become
re-classified as no-longer-self and dispatched for recycling.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Research into the molecular mechanisms of this decluttering process is beginning to lead to new medical treatments. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In one recent report, a drug has been used (on a small group of patients) to
block a molecule that enables bladder cancer cells to prevent an immune attack.
The results are looking promising. The
cancer cells disguise themselves as ‘self’ and the immune system ignores them.
But the compound whips away the disguise and enables the malignant cells to be identified and destroyed. Treatments based on
discoveries like this could eventually replace chemotherapy, which uses cytotoxic
chemicals that inevitably damage healthy tissues. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://bbc.in/1HQDMGv"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">http://bbc.in/1HQDMGv</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In another study, a potential new treatment for malaria has been
discovered and is ready to progress to safety trials in humans.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The malaria parasite makes its home inside healthy red blood cells. A
couple of million red blood cells are produced every <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">second</i> by the bone marrow, so an equivalent number of worn out
cells must be efficiently destroyed and removed from circulation. After
detailed research into the genetics and cellular mechanisms of the parasite and
into the way the immune system disposes of blood cells, a compound has been discovered
that seems to hasten the disposal of malaria-infected cells and clear the
parasite from the blood of mice. This is hopeful news when you consider the
toll that malaria takes, particularly on young children.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://bit.ly/1yovBcB"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">http://bit.ly/1yovBcB</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">There is an enormous amount of fundamental research that has brought
immunology to this point - mountains of Ph D theses and thousands of careers bent
over the laboratory bench. This kind of research is not funded by drug
companies and the fact that it is now, finally, beginning to produce treatments
highlights the need to maintain public funding for pure science. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
Jessica Madgehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14269213390078691607noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3780888714773881579.post-11604831361267249672014-11-28T17:16:00.000+00:002014-11-28T17:16:40.308+00:00Ebola and the immune system<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">I’ve often wished the immune system had a
different name. One that sounded a lot more grand and complicated. It
slips easily off the tongue and gulls people into thinking that it’s no more
complicated than their central heating system. And that the equivalent of a
tweak of the thermostat (in the form of a pill or a foot massage) can give “it”
a quick boost. When researching my book I realised that it’s a system of a very different kind – more like, say, the complexity of a city like London with its
workers, businesses, buildings and transport networks.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">There are two main divisions to the immune
system. The emergency “innate” division kicks in the minute you have a wound.
On a much slower timescale the “adaptive” division learns about all the
bacteria, viruses and proteins in your environment – which to ignore and which
to attack with antibodies the next time they crop up. There are many different
types of immune cell (“white blood cells”) and new sub-types are discovered regularly.
They produce a vast array of complex proteins called cytokines that also play a
role in attacking pathogens. Part of what we mean by “immune system” is this
interacting mass of cells and proteins that flow through blood and tissues
during health and illness. But there is more. The permanent structures of the
immune system are the bone marrow, which is the production unit for replacement
immune cells, and the lymphatic system that monitors threats throughout the
body.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">As in cities, balance is important. You don’t
need a rail system that varies its timetable unpredictably. Neither do you need
an immune system that is over- or under-active. Everything has to be modulated
to keep things running smoothly so as to prevent not only infection but also self-damage.
Diseases associated with an over-active immune system include all the auto-immune
diseases, allergies and inflammatory conditions. Toxic shock, sepsis and the
cytokine storm (which can occur in pandemic flu) are more sudden and much more deadly
over-reactions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Some illnesses are not just attacked by the
immune system – they directly <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">infect</i>
immune cells and interact with them in complex ways. It’s well known that the
HIV retro-virus directly attacks immune cells, using them as a base and slowly
undermining their work. TB, caused by a bacterium, also infects immune cells – the
ones that normally engulf and destroy bacteria entering the lungs. Ebola too
infects immune cells, and progresses far more swiftly than HIV or TB. It does
so by using infected immune cells to spread the virus throughout the
body. Ebola is also able to damp down aspects of the immune function. But that
is not all. The high fever and inflammation of the later stages of the disease are
part of a massive immune over-reaction that contributes to death.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">There are various scientific initiatives
attempting to tackle this unusual virus but the solutions are not simple.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">There are some anti-viral drugs undergoing
accelerated trials but it would be surprising if they make a significant
impact. The might of the pharmaceutical industry has yet to produce a range of
wonder-working anti-virals for other diseases. Anti-retrovirals, used for HIV,
are probably the biggest success, despite all their limitations. Vaccine
development is a long and difficult road and vaccines in current development
are a while away from any prospect of a <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mass
roll-out. The experimental biological treatment ZMapp is a product of
immunological research. It’s a combination of artificially produced antibodies
that lock on to specific targets on the Ebola virus, disabling it. It is to be
hoped that ZMapp works, and that one day it can be produced in large enough
quantities to be useful in bringing outbreaks under control. However production
methods are complex involving </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">a lot of careful work by technicians</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> and the growth of cloned cells in laboratory
conditions. This process is not at all like
the factory production line that produces conventional chemical drugs. My
feeling is that science is very unlikely to come up with any quick answers, with mass impact, in
the next few months.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">In the meantime though, simple nursing measures
like infection control and putting up a drip can save lives. As Christmas looms we are asked to
contribute to a wide range of charities but this year many of us will perhaps consider
that paying for some nursing supplies for Ebola stricken areas is the most
urgent call on our generosity.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-30217573">http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-30217573</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
Jessica Madgehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14269213390078691607noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3780888714773881579.post-75121640046068448272014-11-24T15:36:00.000+00:002014-11-24T15:36:23.731+00:00Tuberculosis and smoking - a lethal combination<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">I recently succumbed, in the Oxfam book
department, to four hefty volumes of The People’s Physician, written in the mid
1930s. As I staggered up the street clutching them to my chest, I briefly
regretted my purchase. However they are providing a mine of interesting insights
into health and illness when today’s 90 year olds were children. The issues
were very different then compared to those we worry about today. Pulmonary
tuberculosis (TB) was the second biggest cause of adult death (after cancer)
and its victims were predominantly in the earlier part of adult life rather
than old age. It is a horrible way to die as lung tissue is slowly destroyed.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">TB is unique in the way it interacts with the
immune system because many of those infected never develop the full-blown
illness. Instead, the bacillus slowly creates a small focus of infection,
destroying lung tissue, before the immune system gains the upper hand and
literally walls off the area of infection. This virtually eliminates the chances
that the infected person will pass TB to others. The immune system, in this
instance, consists primarily of immune cells known as macrophages. These large
“white blood cells”, patrol the cavities of the lungs engulfing bacteria. The
way they interact with TB is complex. They may hold the line, ensuring that the
dormant (or latent) stage of TB lasts a lifetime. In other patients a dip in their
performance allows the disease to break out and proceed on its destructive
path.<o:p></o:p></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">The BCG vaccination gives only partial protection from infection.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Recently a team of immunologists in Dublin has
expanded understanding of how the macrophages interact with TB and how smoking
impairs their performance and does so in a number of </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">specific ways, disturbing on the fine balance of resistance to this unusual disease.</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">This serves to
remind us that smoking has multiple damaging effects in cells
throughout the body. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">In the 1930s the causes of TB were thought to be to be
lack of fresh air, infected milk and poor nutrition along with overcrowded
housing, which made transmission more likely. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">The only treatments were rest, preferably in a
room awash with fresh air, and, if possible, exposure to plenty of sunshine. Sufferers
from affluent families were sometimes sent to alpine sanatoria, where semi-clad
exercise in the sunshine was a key feature of the regime. In the People’s
Physician there are photos of boys wearing only underpants, skiing, ice-skating
and sitting at their desks outdoors and girls (in knickers and bonnets) exercising
on sunny alpine meadows. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">In the 1940s antibiotics became available and
streptomycin proved to be an effective cure for TB. I have a relative who received
the new drug in the nick of time and, with only half a lung remaining, went on
to lead a long, active life. It is still the case though, that a very long
course of antibiotic treatment is required to bring about a complete cure.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Although TB is now quite rare in wealthier
nations it still kills around 1.5 million people a year, mainly in poorer parts
of the world, making it the biggest bacterial killer of our time. There are
some 9 million new infections every year. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">It is common knowledge that the damage inflicted
on the immune system by HIV is one of the driving factors of this slow-burn
epidemic. Drug resistant TB is on the rise, which also contributes to the
spread of infection. It was news to me that smoking, too, significantly increases
the chances that an infection will become active rather than lying dormant which
means that this also makes a contribution to the spread of this horrible
illness.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">An Indian statistical study predicts that the
effects of smoking on those infected will result in an additional 40 million deaths
from TB between 2010 and 2050. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Back in the mid 1930s smoking was not considered
damaging to health. It was considered as normal as eating and drinking. We now know
that it causes lung and other cancers and that it contributes to coronary heart
disease. TB, it seems, is yet another way in which tobacco claims victims. As
smoking declines in the more wealthy parts of the world it is increasing in
many poorer regions, where TB is also common. If drug resistant TB spreads, and
there is no reason to suppose that it will not, we could see it returning to
Europe as a frequent and indiscriminate killer. This is yet another reason why
governments around the world need combat the use of cigarettes with all the
determination they can muster.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Here’s the link to more information about the
Dublin research:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://bit.ly/1xKmXIH"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">http://bit.ly/1xKmXIH</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">And the Indian modeling:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://bit.ly/11rOYbn"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">http://bit.ly/11rOYbn</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
Jessica Madgehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14269213390078691607noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3780888714773881579.post-7530934639718172182013-12-31T16:38:00.000+00:002013-12-31T16:38:49.411+00:00"Immune Boosting" Alcohol?<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Everyone wants to promote the idea of “boosting
the immune system” these days. Those who sell supplements lead the charge, with
a regiment of alternative practitioners following closely behind. Immune
boosting is also a favourite phrase with journalists, It’s a cheap and easy way
of writing headlines. Scientists and science journalists succumb to its lure as
well. This reported experiment with Barbary apes and alcohol is a good example.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Eight monkeys were allowed free access to
alcoholic drinks for 7 months. Four of them were deemed heavy drinkers and the
other four, moderate drinkers, depending on their freely chosen intake. There
was a comparison group that was allowed no alcohol. The monkeys’ response to
smallpox vaccine was tracked. It is not surprising that the heavy drinkers showed
impaired immune function. Alcohol is toxic and large amounts of it will damage
just about any bodily function you care to name.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">What was more interesting is that the
moderate drinkers had a better response to the vaccine than either of the other
groups. We should, though, be skeptical about the size of the groups and the fact that
the comparison groups were self-selecting rather than randomly allocated. Maybe
the immune systems of those drawn to heavy drinking were different in some way
to the more temperate beasts. We should also, always, be skeptical about making
direct inferences from animal studies to human health.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">For scientists, or science journalists, to
talk about “boosting the immune system” is a bit like the mayor saying that
some free-to-use bikes will boost the economy of the city, just because a few
more energy drinks were sold in a few local kiosks. Like a city, the immune
system is an immensely complex and intricate set of interlocking sub-systems.
Millions upon millions of immune cells interact with billions of immune
molecules to keep a body in a finely-balanced state of health. There are many
different types of these cells and molecules - they are incredibly small and
incredibly numerous. Strength of response to a single vaccine does not tell us
anything about how the same immune system might cope with other vaccines, with
TB, MRSA or the common cold. You cannot “boost” the whole thing – it’s a crazy
concept. And we should never forget that an over-active immune system can be
just as harmful as an under-active one – in allergies and the many auto-immune
diseases for instance. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">It’s New Year’s Eve – if you drink heavily
you might be more likely to get an infection of some kind in the next few days.
But if you exercise restraint and only have a glass or two, there are no
promises that this will serve to actively improve your health. But drunk or
sober, I hope you have a happy and healthy 2014. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://bit.ly/18VtCWY">Moderate Alcohol Consumption Boosts Body's Immune System</a></span></div>
Jessica Madgehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14269213390078691607noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3780888714773881579.post-86372885230338799542013-09-18T18:11:00.000+01:002013-09-18T18:11:21.211+01:00'Flu update
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<br />
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">It's that time of year again. Doctors are planning their 'flu vaccine
clinics and posters are appearing reminding us to get our annual dose.
Since last year there have been several interesting new developments in ‘flu
research.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: .1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Over a hundred cases of H7N9 'flu in humans, probably contracted from
poultry, have been seen in China. The high death rate emphasises the importance
of influenza research. It's a race against time before a variant emerges that
can easily be transmitted between humans. When it does it could cause a lethal
pandemic with catastrophic death rates. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: .1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Even the usual winter 'flu sometimes causes serious illness and up to
half a million people die of it, every year. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: .1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Some of this year's new information is based on analysis of existing
data.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: .1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">A systematic review of a large number of studies highlighted that new
mums (but not pregnant ones) and obese individuals seem to be at an increased
risk of dying of the complications of 'flu. These two risk groups have not been
previously identified. Good quality research in this area is rather thin and
more is needed so vaccination programmes can be targeted appropriately. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: .1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Another analysis found that in the 2009 outbreak of swine 'flu,
pregnant women who had been vaccinated were less likely to go into premature
labour than the non-vaccinated. It seems then that 'flu vaccines during
pregnancy may protect both babies, from the dangers of being born too soon and
mums from becoming seriously ill with 'flu, or even dying, in the month
following delivery.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: .1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">An Australian study looked at links between heart attacks and 'flu,
using data on middle-aged people admitted to hospital. It found that having a 'flu
vaccination seemed to have a protective effect against heart attacks. If other
research confirmed this result it would, again, lead to a change in the
recommendations for priority groups. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: .1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">One of the most interesting, and surprising, findings of the year is
that 'flu vaccines are not as specific as everyone thought. Immunology theory is
clear - that the immune system develops antibodies, one virus at a time. So every
variant of the virus requires a vaccine to match it. Each year the vaccine is a
cocktail of the three types that are currently most common worldwide. This new
study found that the vaccine gives significant protection against types of 'flu
that are not included as well as those that are. This highlights the fact that
there is a lot more to the immune system than just antibodies - and that there
is still a great deal to learn about how it works.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: .1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Finally, for the needle-shy, there is hope on the horizon. Nasal spray 'flu
vaccines are being introduced, (initially for use with children in the UK) and research
on mice has revealed that a micro-needle patch can deliver 'flu vaccine
effectively. I imagine this would be a bit like pressing a bit of Velcro or
sandpaper against your skin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: .1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In the UK the 'flu vaccine is free to priority groups and the rest of
us have to pay. I always think that £10 spent on a 'flu jab is fantastically
good value if it means I can get through another winter without a bout of this
debilitating illness. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: .1pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: .1pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: .1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">New risk groups<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: .1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="http://bit.ly/15ZLtuK">http://bit.ly/15ZLtuK</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: .1pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: .1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Vaccine in pregnancy<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="http://bit.ly/14PbZpK">http://bit.ly/14PbZpK</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Heart attacks <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: .1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="http://bit.ly/19e7dz6">http://bit.ly/19e7dz6</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: .1pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: .1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Wider protection <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: .1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="http://bit.ly/158W4my">http://bit.ly/158W4my</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: .1pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: .1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Micro patches <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="http://bit.ly/1geayRr">http://bit.ly/1geayRr</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Jessica Madgehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14269213390078691607noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3780888714773881579.post-63085453611720552722013-05-27T18:54:00.000+01:002013-06-04T09:42:10.547+01:00Border Security in the Gut<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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A couple of weeks
ago, when I was returning to the UK, I chose the electronic passport queue,
instead of the normal one. You put your "biometric" passport into a
machine and stare into a camera. The computer checks whether your travel-weary
features match the ones in the passport. It was extremely slow compared to the
human immigration officers in the adjacent queue, who were whipping through
British passport holders many times faster. To pass the time, I thought about a
comparable process that happens in the gut, in which the immune system checks
the identity of passing microbes.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The immune system
in the gut is very powerful and there are two reasons. Firstly, the gut is such
an inviting, food-rich niche. Millions of microbes have evolved to move in and
either live in partnership with us or cause unpleasant intestinal diseases. Also
the gut wall has a large, vulnerable surface area that microbes can
use as a route to infect other regions of the body - typhoid and polio are
examples.<o:p></o:p></div>
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All along the gut
lining, defence forces are lined up, ready to repel invaders. Huge numbers of immune cells patrol and
antibodies are present in vast quantities. Specialised patches of cells take samples of
everything that passes, shuffling their catch of the day inwards for scrutiny. </div>
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This
facet of the immune system may remind us of immigration control but it's
a lot more complex. The billions of molecules scrutinised daily are much
more numerous and varied than human faces. They include:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]-->Harmless
food molecules<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->New,
dangerous microbes encountered for the first time<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 43.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Dangerous
microbes that have been previously encountered, for which an antibody has
already been manufactured <o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Harmless
microbes both familiar and unfamiliar<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 43.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Cells
belonging to your own body (cheek cells for instance)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 7.1pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 7.1pt;">
This is a monumental task. Far more demanding than devising an immigration
system that could identify every person on the planet without holding up the queue. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 7.1pt;">
It is very important that the gut does not over-react to the millions of
<i>friendly</i> bacteria, because such a reaction could cause inflammation. When there
is good cause, inflammation is literally a life-saver, reacting rapidly to
bacterial invasion of wounds. Longer-term inflammation, on the other hand, is
harmful because the powerful chemicals released cause tissue damage. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 7.1pt;">
It has long been suspected
that some kind of imbalance in the way the immune system reacts to friendly
bacteria lies behind inflammatory diseases of the gut. Immunologists in the
University of Pennsylvania have made an important discovery about how the
delicate immune balance in the gut can be disturbed. It seems that some very
specialised immune cells known as ILCs are needed to keep other immune cells -
T cells - under control in the gut, and prevent them from causing inflammation.
When ILCs in mice were disabled, inflammation of the gut developed. It seems
that ILCs are the ones that can determine the difference between dangerous and
harmless bacteria. So under-performing ILCs may be an important cause of gut
inflammation.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 7.1pt;">
Work like this furthers our understanding of inflammation in the gut and
may eventually lead to new treatments for a range of chronic inflammatory
diseases. Or it may not. Tinkering with one aspect of a complex system like the
immune system is fraught with difficulty. However it is undoubtedly another
intriguing jigsaw piece that contributes to our understanding of how the immune
system does its work.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 7.1pt;">
<a href="http://bit.ly/10ouz0l">http://bit.ly/10ouz0l</a></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Jessica Madgehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14269213390078691607noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3780888714773881579.post-58573274582515309302013-04-05T16:57:00.002+01:002013-04-05T16:57:54.884+01:00T Cell Therapy for Leukaemia - Why is this news?
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">In
a recent report in The New England Journal of Medicine, the authors explain how two
child patients were treated with a new technique. In both, their leukaemia was
cleared and one of them remains in remission. The technique has previously had some
success on a small group of adults.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">News
of medical research does not usually cover successes in just one or two
patients - so why did the researchers go public on this?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">In
solid cancers you can never be sure that there are no cancer cells left in the
body but in leukaemia you can be much more certain. It is no longer a case of
looking at slides through a microscope - the latest techniques and equipment
can scrutinise large numbers of blood cells and detect the presence - or absence - of
cancerous cells.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">There
are many different kinds of leukaemia, each relating to a particular kind of
blood cell. The nursery for blood cells is the red bone marrow and it is here
that leukaemia cells are produced before they are released into the circulation.
This red bone marrow is essential to life. It not only replaces red blood cells
but all the white blood cells that make up the immune system. Without it, fatal anaemia and infection are inevitable.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">Doctors
can categorise the various leukaemias very accurately these days. For some
patients the prognosis is good. For others, the only hope is a stem cell (bone
marrow) transplant. These two young patients were suffering from relapsed Acute
Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">A
stem cell transplant is usually the treatment of last resort. It uses brutal
chemotherapy to kill all the red bone marrow, diseased and healthy. Then there
is an infusion of blood stem cells, gathered from a closely matched donor. These
then set up home in the bone marrow cavities and rebuild the blood producing
tissue. It is a risky and arduous process. For some it fails to work and for
others the treatment itself proves fatal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">Medical
researchers sometimes use what they call translational research, which they also
refer to as "bench to bedside research". Scientific advances in the
lab are tried out on small groups of volunteers. These are patients who have
little to lose - maybe a stem cell transplant has already failed - and they are
willing to take the risk of acting as guinea pigs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">Translational
research is quite different to a controlled trial - it is, literally, trying
out something that they think should work to see what happens. This paper is an
example of translational research - hence the tiny numbers. The progress of
research like this is slow. Suitable patients are rare. By publishing this
early success, researchers can share knowledge and perhaps find other patients
who would benefit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;"> </span><span style="font-family: Helvetica;">We have long had the tantalising knowledge that immune cells known as T cells (or T lymphocytes) can destroy cancer cells in the lab - but often fail to do so in the body. One of the reasons for this failure is that the immune cells cannot recognise the cancer cells as something alien to the body. Store detectives deal with a similar problem: shoplifters tend to look like honest shoppers.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">In
the experimental treatment two child patients were treated with a kind of
gene therapy in which T cells were genetically altered in the lab and put into the
patient's body. The technique teaches the T cells the exact molecular pattern
they need to attack and harnesses their killing power. It's like giving store
detectives a photograph of a professional shoplifter.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">There was a serious
reaction to the treatment - the children's immune systems reacted violently to
the rapid dying-off of cancer cells (tumour lysis syndrome). But both went into
remission with no trace of the ALL cells. One of them subsequently started
producing a slightly different kind of leukaemia cell but the other seemed to
be remaining clear.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">Such
new forms of treatment may in time prove to be less dangerous and more
effective than the current approach, which involves strong chemotherapy drugs. For sick children and their parents in particular, a shorter and less arduous course of treatment would be a great <o:p></o:p></span><span style="font-family: Helvetica;">step forward.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Chimeric Antigen Receptor-Modified T Cells for Acute
Lymphoid Leukemia," <i>New England Journal of Medicine</i>, Online March
25, 2013. To appear in print April 18, 2013.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Science Daily article</span>: <a href="http://bit.ly/ZoAuE6"><span style="font-family: Helvetica;">http://bit.ly/ZoAuE6</span></a><span style="font-family: Helvetica;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Jessica Madgehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14269213390078691607noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3780888714773881579.post-78559057376345465652013-03-28T18:37:00.001+00:002013-03-28T18:37:52.765+00:00Placebos? Over-excitement can be a side effect
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">Placebos
are in the news lately. Doctors are confessing to prescribing inert medicines.
New and intriguing research is published indicating that placebos may work,
even when the patients know they are inert. And a pharmaceutical company has
patented a new, and questionable, way of conducting placebo-controlled trials (see links
below).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">Doctors
may approve of the placebo effect because the patient’s symptoms may improve
without the need for expensive drugs. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">Alternative
practitioners usually approve because the benefits of their methods seem to
rely heavily on the placebo effect. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">Psychologists
love them because, well, they are intrinsically fascinating. Why should pills
of different colours induce different degrees of placebo effect? Such phenomena
are fascinating in the extreme.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">Drug
companies are not so keen on them, because all too often their shiny new
products fail to work significantly better than the placebos used in trials.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">And
the rest of us may think they are a “good thing” because, lets face it, we’d
all like to think that positive thinking of one kind or another can bring about
miraculous cures. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">But
the existence of the placebo effect is no reason to get carried away. And
completely carried away some folks do seem to be when they argue thus:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-outline-level: 1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica;">The placebo
effect exists, therefore your mind can control your body. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-outline-level: 1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica;">The placebo
effect is a kind of positive thinking<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-outline-level: 1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica;"> Therefore <b>my</b>
<b>kind</b> of positive thinking can cure
cancer, AIDS and other serious diseases. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">Fortunes
have been made selling books and conducting lectures along these lines but there are
a few flaws in the argument, lurking beneath that <i>therefore</i> like ants, teeming beneath a stone.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">Firstly,
not everyone is susceptible to the placebo effect. In any controlled
experiment, some subjects who have received a placebo will report they feel <b>much better</b>. While others report no
improvement. It is not a consistent or predictable effect – not in the least.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">Secondly,
the placebo effect may alleviate symptoms, but nothing more. It may bring about
less pain, less nausea, better mood, that kind of thing. These are symptoms, not diseases. It does not work as a method of shrinking cancers, curing
for AIDS or repairing damaged heart muscle.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">If
you read the “miracle cure” literature it is sprinkled with “case studies” – or
rather, anecdotes, in which people claim that their methods have cured serious
illnesses. But they offer no research to back these claims.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">So
we should not get over-excited about the placebo effect. It may have its uses in
the control of symptoms, but panacea it is not.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;"><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-21834440">http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-21834440</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;"><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0015591">http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0015591</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica;"><a href="http://asserttrue.blogspot.co.uk/2013/03/new-patents-aim-to-reduce-placebo-effect.html">http://asserttrue.blogspot.co.uk/2013/03/new-patents-aim-to-reduce-placebo-effect.html</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Jessica Madgehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14269213390078691607noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3780888714773881579.post-32192321173675407032013-03-07T15:11:00.000+00:002013-03-08T09:12:26.712+00:00Undercover Inflammation?<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">There
is increasing mention of the word <i>inflammation</i> these days - in relation to
diabetes for instance. Put the word into Google and you get 66 million hits.
Many of them will be talking in alarmist terms, claiming that inflammation
causes nearly every worrying disease you can think of. They go on to
recommend anti-inflammatory diets or supplements. It's a typical sales pitch:
create concern; convince customers they have a need and then offer a solution.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">But
scientists also seem interested in chronic inflammation, so what is behind this
increasing interest? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">Inflammation
is the emergency response of the immune system. If you scratch your hand in the
garden, within 24 hours it will be red and swollen. Around the scratch, tissues
are flooded with fluid. This contains a potent mix of immune chemicals whose main
role is to disable bacteria by attaching themselves, in a kind of chemical
rugby tackle. They will also send out an alarm call to millions of immune
cells (white blood cells). When they arrive on site they destroy the
immobilised bacteria. Within a couple of days the redness and swelling is
subsiding and the inflammation starts to disappear as the immune system stands
down. Inflammation is nature's way of protecting the body against bacterial
invasion and it saves lives on a routine basis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">The
problem comes when there is inflammation without any invading bacteria. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">Unwanted
inflammation can cause damage to healthy tissues. In the absence of an enemy,
the troops (the immune cells and chemicals) start picking a fight with the
civilians. A vivid demonstration of this is seen in rheumatoid arthritis in
which inflammation gradually causes permanent damage to a joint. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">Recent
research has been unpicking the complex links between obesity and raised levels
of inflammation chemicals in the body. These chemicals are referred to a “inflammatory
markers” in research papers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">When
someone gains weight, they don’t grow more fat cells. Instead, their fat cells
store more and more fat, like balloons filling with water. When they get to a
certain size they start to trigger tiny amounts of inflammation. This may be
because they start to leak, or start interacting with immune cells in abnormal
ways. Recent research has revealed that they can even start behaving a bit like
immune cells when they become over-filled with fat. The net result is that
there are more inflammation-related chemicals sloshing around the body than you would
want. These chemicals can cause slow and subtle damage to tissues and play their part in chronic diseases. They are a link in the chain between increased body fat and the increased risk of heart disease and diabetes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">There
is lots of research going on into the exact mechanisms. This
is fascinating for those involved but the immune system is unimaginably
complicated and therefore difficult to tweak. Science is unlikely to come up
with any miraculous, seise-effect-free drugs that will protect obese people from diabetes and heart
disease.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">If
you are overweight and concerned about your health then pills and potions will not “reduce
inflammation”. They will just waste your money and make supplement sellers rich.
The solution, I'm afraid is to eat a better diet, lose weight and shrink those fat cells. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">"Obesity
makes fat cells act like they’re infected." Science Daily article.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;"><a href="http://bit.ly/10aMgRR">http://bit.ly/10aMgRR</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Jessica Madgehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14269213390078691607noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3780888714773881579.post-3836459610308478882013-02-14T09:48:00.003+00:002013-02-14T09:51:15.074+00:00Using Regulatory Immune Cells to Control Arthritis <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Helvetica; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">For years now immunologists have been trying to understand auto-immune
diseases, which occur when the immune system turns its weapons on the cells of
its own body. This is no easy task because the immune system is extremely complex,
consisting of many different types of immune cells and a host of complex
chemicals. All of these interact and like the musicians in an orchestra they normally
they produce a seamless performance. Orchestras need to play faster and more
loudly at times but they also need to reverse this so as to play softly or
slowly. In an autoimmune disease it’s as if one section of the orchestra is
ignoring the conductor and just keeps playing louder and faster. The
conductor’s job in the immune system is undertaken by regulatory T cells. These
are a type of lymphocyte, also known as Tregs or CD8 cells, that calm things
down after a period of inflammation. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Helvetica; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">One of the most common autoimmune diseases is rheumatoid arthritis. </span><span style="font-family: Helvetica;">In arthritis immune cells start attacking joints and the inflammation this causes runs out of control.</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica;"> For some reason the Tregs can't calm things down.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">In
some recently reported work, researchers injected some of Tregs into mice
with arthritis and they worked – reducing the unwanted inflammation in the
joints. They also used a technique to increase the number of Tregs produced by
the mice and this also worked.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Helvetica; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It is no easy task to tweak the workings of the immune system.
Conventional drugs such as steroids can blunt more than one aspect of the
immune system and cause other serious side effects throughout the body. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Helvetica; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Experiments like these are beginning to give hope that one day the
mountain of research papers in immunology will pay some real dividends in terms
of treatments.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Helvetica; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Helvetica; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/02/130208124741.htm">Article in Science Daily</a> </span></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Jessica Madgehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14269213390078691607noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3780888714773881579.post-34948456307395006752013-02-08T14:58:00.000+00:002013-02-11T16:17:40.988+00:00Immune System Even Cleverer Than We Thought<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Helvetica; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In any branch of science there are moments when conventional wisdom is
overturned. One of those moments has just occurred in immunology as a result of
research at Stanford University. Our previous understanding was too simplistic.
Things are even more complicated than we thought. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Helvetica; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">For years now everyone has believed that lymphocytes can learn to
recognise specific molecules but that each type of lymphocyte can only learn a
single lesson. One kind of lymphocyte can learn to recognise measles virus,
another can learn to spot whooping cough bacterium on sight and another can
only be activated by a particular protein made by prawns. Once a lymphocyte has
had its initial exposure it will produce memory lymphocytes (CD4 cells) that
will hang around for the rest of your life, waiting patiently to deal with a
second encounter. This is how adaptive immunity and, of course, vaccination
works. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Helvetica; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">But the one lymphocyte = one lesson theory has just been blown out of
the water. It seems that lymphocytes can generalise their learning.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Helvetica; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The human brain can generalise easily. Learner drivers are taught to
negotiate road junctions. Once the basic skill is there, they will be able
tackle all kinds of road junctions. No two junctions are identical but
nevertheless the competent driver tackles them all confidently. The learning
has been generalised. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Helvetica; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Now it seems that memory lymphocytes have some ability to do the same
kind of thing. They are even cleverer than we thought. They can recognise not only
the microbe that first activated them, but some other types as well. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Helvetica; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">We knew the immune system was magnificently complicated and now we have
to acknowledge the existence of a whole new level of complexity. This new
knowledge may shine a light several aspects of how the immune system learns
about its environment, such as how benign bacteria help the immune system to
develop in childhood. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Helvetica; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/02/130207131602.htm">http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/02/130207131602.htm</a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<!--EndFragment--><br />Jessica Madgehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14269213390078691607noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3780888714773881579.post-21355154582937060852012-11-15T15:20:00.000+00:002012-11-15T15:20:11.944+00:00Cancer and Inflammation Pathway Found
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A few years ago there was a very simple view of the
relationship between the immune system and cancer. Immune cells, such as
natural killer cells, had the capacity to destroy cancer cells in the
laboratory. So they must do so inside the body, surely? The development of
cancer was blamed on a failure of the immune system's surveillance - a failure to
spot microtumours and dispatch them before they could take root.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Complementary therapists seized on this idea, reasoning that
if you could boost up the immune system with a beautiful thought, a massage or
a potion then you could reduce your chances of getting cancer - or even help
the immune system attack fully-developed tumours.<o:p></o:p></div>
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But now a far more complicated picture is emerging. It is
not a simple case of cancer cells <i>bad</i>
and immune cells <i>good</i>. We now know, for instance, that immune cells
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Some recently-published research has demonstrated a new
connection between cancer and immune cells. It has long been suspected that
prolonged inflammation, for example in the stomach lining, might cause cancer but
exact molecular mechanisms are hard to pin down. A team in Ohio has now
discovered a link between immune cells, inflammation and a form of blood
cancer. They were able to demonstrate this using a combination of mice and
human leukaemia cells.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Immune cells communicate with other cells by releasing a
range of chemicals, collectively know as cytokines or interleukins. One of these, known as Interleukin-15, is
released during inflammation. Inflammation is useful as a short term measure
but if it becomes long term, you have an excess of Interleukin-15 in
circulation.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The team has demonstrated that an excess of Interleukin-15
can stimulate a type of immune cell known as a large granular lymphocyte (LGL) to
become malignant giving rise to a rare form of leukaemia.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Not content with this breakthrough, they managed to
"turn off the pathway" and reverse the process - curing the mice of
their LGL leukaemia. <o:p></o:p></div>
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So here we have a double success - demonstration of a
molecular pathway whereby an immune chemical associated with inflammation can
cause a specific cancer - and reversing the process. <o:p></o:p></div>
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So if a complementary therapist tells you that something
will “boost your immune system” proceed with caution. The immune system is not
a simple device. It’s a vast collection of cells and complex chemicals,
interacting in ways that we are only beginning to understand in detail.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/11/121112135512.htm<o:p></o:p></div>
<!--EndFragment--><br />
<!--EndFragment-->Jessica Madgehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14269213390078691607noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3780888714773881579.post-44848192730571691762012-11-09T17:34:00.000+00:002012-11-09T17:34:05.714+00:00Should 'Flu Vaccination be a Condition of Employment for Health Workers?
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A recent editorial in the Canadian Medical Association
Journal makes the case for mandatory flu vaccinations for health care workers. </div>
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There are a number of arguments for requiring health care
workers to take up this vaccine.</div>
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Health workers in many settings tend to be exposed to flu sufferers
during an epidemic and if they fall ill, services are likely to be impaired. Absence
rates amongst NHS staff are high when compared to most other UK employment
sectors, which puts a significant pressure on hard pressed hospital budgets.</div>
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Even more persuasive is the argument that health
professionals are in contact with vulnerable patients and could infect them. Individuals
sometimes argue that they do not need the flu vaccine because they "never
get ill" or that, if they do get 'flu, they will stay at home. The
Canadian article points out that flu can be infectious before symptoms appear. We
also know that not all those infected with a virus exhibit obvious symptoms.</div>
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Age, pregnancy, injury, surgery and acute illness can all
suppress<a href="" name="_GoBack"></a> the immune system. So imagine <i>your</i> vulnerable relative, entering a
health care setting, minus a flu infection this winter. Would you want them
cared for by an unvaccinated doctor or nurse?</div>
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There is a very strong argument that those who work in health
and care settings should be required to have this vaccination. </div>
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Employers in the UK have traditionally been wary of imposing
health-related rules on their employees. Smoking bans at work, for instance,
were slow to take hold. Some would argue that imposing the requirement for
vaccination would be discriminatory or an infringement of human rights.</div>
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A requirement on health workers would not be discriminatory
if applied to all. It does not fall under any section of anti-discrimination
law. As far as human rights are concerned, exemptions could be allowed in
certain circumstances - if, for instance, someone had a religious objection to
vaccination or was advised against it for medical reasons. </div>
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Otherwise there would seem to be nothing wrong in saying: It
is a requirement of employment that all our staff are up to date with their
vaccinations, including annual flu vaccine.</div>
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Make it part of the contract of employment when people join,
so that new employees are clear that it is a requirement. Use peer pressure to encourage
existing staff to comply. To prioritise employee rights over the safety of
patients, would seem to be perverse logic.</div>
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http://bit.ly/VyUxzX</div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<!--EndFragment--><br />
<!--EndFragment-->Jessica Madgehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14269213390078691607noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3780888714773881579.post-50757761242600377862012-10-31T09:58:00.000+00:002012-10-31T09:58:23.095+00:00A Bitter End for Bacteria
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<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">The body protects itself in many ways. Some involve the immune system
but other mechanisms act at the boundaries of the body, dealing with microbes
before they enter. The eyes protect themselves with blinking and antiseptic
“tears” for instance. Mucus in the nose traps and washes away microbes and
other particles. Saliva is slightly acidic, making the mouth inhospitable to
germs. There are many more examples. A recent experiment has identified a previously
unknown method that operates in the upper airways. It has is a rather
unexpected link to the sense of taste.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">I have been aware for a few years now, that some people experience
bitter tastes much more readily than I do. While I am happily chomping through
a mild-tasting portion of broccoli, the person on the other side of the table
is screwing up his face in disgust, and forcing it down. Apparently there is a
gene that makes some people much more sensitive to the taste of bitter
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poisoning. But it seems that it might bring an additional advantage when it
comes to a bacterium that can cause pneumonia (<i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">This airborne bacterium can stimulate bitterness receptors not on the
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human sinuses not only sensed the bitter taste of the bacteria but also
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<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">Those of us who are not so sensitive to bitterness can console
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><a href="http://bit.ly/Swoe1h">http://bit.ly/Swoe1h</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Jessica Madgehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14269213390078691607noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3780888714773881579.post-65108724851868203032012-10-11T16:09:00.000+01:002013-06-10T07:50:42.571+01:00Hygiene Hypothesis out and "Old Friends" are in<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
For some years now, increased rates of childhood asthma and
eczema have been observed and the finger of suspicion has pointed to a lack of
microbes in overly-clean homes. This idea is known as the hygiene hypothesis.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
A recent report <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">from the International Scientific Forum on Home
Hygiene </span>has concluded that this hypothesis is not correct. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
It seems that microbes - or rather a lack of them - may well
be implicated in the increase of allergies but it is not a reduced <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">quantity</b> of bacteria, viruses and
intestinal worms that seems to be the problem. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
We all have a vast population of "friendly"
microbes that live on our skin and in our body cavities - nose, mouth, gut and
so on. The bacteria alone are said to outnumber our body cells by ten to one. Without
exposure to this vast array of microscopic life, we cannot be healthy. We know
this, in part, because mice brought up in a sterile environment reliably fail
to develop normal, healthy immune systems. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
These "friendly" microbes stimulate the immune
system in many interesting ways. They train it in infancy and help to keep it
finely tuned throughout life. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
There is a further range of microscopic life that lives in our
homes – on surfaces, on dust flakes and so on. Living alongside these familiar
life forms is normal and healthy. Of course there are also occasional pathogens
that can cause illness. But every day babies and toddlers get away with licking
floors and other household surfaces without picking up diseases. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The report concludes that the hygiene hypothesis should be
replaced by the "Old Friends" hypothesis. This states that allergies
are on the increase because the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mix</b>
of microbes on and around us bodies has changed. It is no longer the same rich
brew that co-habited with our ancestors and is no longer quite what the
developing immune system needs. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Our
immune systems evolved alongside these old friends, developing<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>complex and subtle symbiotic partnership.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
My grandmother grew up in the country, playing on the dung
heaps in the yard, in a home that teemed with rural bacteria. When she had ear
infections, the treatment was to pour her own urine into her ear. As her young immune
system dealt with this environment, it learned to deal
with a mix of bacteria that had probably changed little through the millennia. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
My grandchildren, growing up in an urban environment, have encountered
a different range of microbes. If you could analyse their microbe population it
would not be smaller, but would certainly be different to that of their great,
great grandmother. There will be an absence of some of the "old
friends" that evolved alongside their ancestors for millennia.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
It is not just an absence of dung heaps that has caused
this change. It has become normal for children to have several courses of
antibiotics for chest or ear infections. This will have affected their blend of
gut bacteria. Hygienic caesarian birth probably has an effect and so might bottle-feeding
from a sterilised teat instead of a mother's microbe-rich breast. Factors like
this are probably far more significant than how often their parents clean the
bathroom.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
You may say this is not a revolutionary change of
hypothesis, so does it matter? Should we worry about hygiene, and if so where
and when? <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Well yes, food and kitchen hygiene are important if we want
to avoid food poisoning. Hand washing can reduce the number of “tummy bugs” and
colds we contract. If someone in the family has a compromised immune system,
then extra vigilance is needed. And if someone in the family is already
asthmatic, then reducing house dust exposure might be helpful.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
But we still have a lot to learn about friendly bacteria and
intestinal parasites. We don’t know the identity of these old friends and
whether it would be helpful to hold a reunion or not. It is a branch of science
that is relatively new and is only just starting to yield interesting
information. It will be a while before it comes up with any practical
suggestions.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
So if you were worried about your house being too clean,
then you can indulge in a bit of anxiety-free cleaning. And if you were worried
about a degree of household squalor, then worry no more. The friendly bacteria
will carry on doing what they do, and cleaning, or not cleaning will probably
have no effect whatsoever. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
To read more, here is a link to Science Daily</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/10/121003082734.htm">http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/10/121003082734.htm</a></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Jessica Madgehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14269213390078691607noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3780888714773881579.post-57904000254246302032012-09-26T09:23:00.000+01:002012-09-26T09:23:22.109+01:00A New Role for Vitamin D ?
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<div class="MsoNormal">
Everyone seems convinced that vitamin C has wonderful preventative
and curative powers for viral illnesses like colds and 'flu despite the fact
that there is very little evidence to support the belief. Evidence is starting
to build though, that vitamin D might be much more significant in the
maintenance of health.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
There are two main ways to top up your vitamin D supplies.
One is to expose you skin to sunlight and the other is to eat animal fats - in
particular oily fish. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
It has been long been recognised as the substance that
prevents rickets - a deficiency disease in babies and young children in which
bones are inadequately calcified. The leg bones bend under the child's weight,
the skull can be as thin as a ping-pong ball and the whole skeleton is deformed.
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
We now know that there are receptors for vitamin D on the
surface of cells all over the body, including immune cells and not just in bone
cells. Receptors are like mail boxes - you don't have them, unless you are
expecting some mail. There is particular research interest in the way this
vitamin interacts with tuberculosis (TB). </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
TB is a bacterial disease that has evolved a unique
relationship the immune system. Many people infected with the TB bacterium remain
healthy. The immune system often manages to contain pockets of infection as
harmless nodules so that the disease is “latent”. As long as the immune system
can successfully maintain this state of siege the TB cannot spread and inflict
further damage. It is well know that those with an HIV-damaged immune system
are susceptible.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Before the advent of antibiotics, TB was very difficult to
treat but sunshine therapy was one of the methods that seemed to be helpful in
pushing the disease back into latency. There is a complex interplay between
immune cells and TB bacteria and there is a strong suspicion that one of the
things that helps the immune system to maintain its ability to contain the
disease is to have an adequate supply of vitamin D in the body. Research
recently published seems to show that giving patients supplements of vitamin D
(alongside their antibiotics) significantly speeds recovery. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
There are other clinical trials taking place into the links
between vitamin D and a range of diseases. This is one of the most interesting
lines of current research, in terms of things individuals might be able to do
to support the function of their own immune systems.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
A variety of TB that is resistant to all available drug
treatments is no longer a spectre but a reality. Several cases have been identified
in India. Once this starts spreading across the globe, and spread it inevitably
will, TB will become an incurable killer as it was in the 19<sup>th</sup> and
early 20<sup>th</sup> centuries. Anything we can discover that will help people
resist this disease will be important to individual and public health.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Queen Mary, University of
London. "High doses of vitamin D help tuberculosis patients recover more
quickly." ScienceDaily, 3
Sep. 2012. Web. 24 Sep. 2012.</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/09/120903154008.htm<a href="" name="_GoBack"></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<!--EndFragment--><br />
<!--EndFragment-->Jessica Madgehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14269213390078691607noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3780888714773881579.post-48754559623966765102012-08-02T16:11:00.000+01:002012-08-02T16:11:51.324+01:00Stem Cell Transplants to Cure AIDS?<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
I am always concerned when the press run stories of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">cures</i>. The science may well be
interesting but I feel compassion for those who have hopes raised.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
There was much publicity recently about the man who was "cured
of HIV" by a stem cell transplant. He was unfortunate enough to have
leukaemia. And he was HIV positive. In the process of treating his leukaemia in
2007, with a procedure known as a stem cell transplant, it appears that the
AIDS virus was cleared from his immune system and he remains healthy. It is
possible though that HIV still lurks in his brain, beyond the reach of his
immune cells.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
So does this news offer hope for those who have to take a daily
cocktail of antivirals to keep their HIV infection in check?</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The stem cells that make up the red bone marrow produce the
full range of "white blood cells" that, in turn, make up the immune
system. Leukaemia is a disease of the bone marrow - one type of stem cell turns
cancerous and the mix of immune cells is thrown wildly off balance, with fatal
consequences. Stem cell transplants have superceded "bone marrow
transplants". These days the stem cells can be harvested from the donor's blood
using a process similar to a single session of dialysis. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
If normal chemotherapy fails to cure a case of leukaemia,
the only solution is to use stronger drugs to kill off the bone marrow. Then
the patient is given a transplant of healthy stem cells from a donor. This rebuilds
the immune system with cells that are genetically matched to the donor. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
There are many risks and difficulties. While waiting for the
transplant to start working, the patient's immune system dwindles to almost
nothing for a few weeks, leaving them highly vulnerable to infection. Any
pre-existing infections would run riot - so that probably excludes anyone
suffering from AIDS. The other problem is finding a suitable donor. We have all
heard of people who need a bone marrow transplant but cannot find a suitably
matched donor. The problem is the huge variety of possible tissue types. The
tissue types of patient and donor need to be very similar if they transplant is
to work. Rejection can bring life-threatening complications. So a stem cell
transplant is a risky, expensive, treatment-of-last-resort, that is only used in
a minority of cases of leukaemia. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p> </o:p>In this remarkable case the patient was able to receive a
transplant from another unusual person - someone who had a natural immunity to
HIV. These people are extremely rare. So it was not necessarily the transplant
that cleared the virus - it might have been the particular genetic makeup of
the donated cells.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So to use this as a treatment for HIV you would need a
reasonably healthy patient who has not succumbed to any AIDS-related infections
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">and</i> a matched donor, with a very
special, very rare immune system. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This was not an experiment. An imaginative doctor identifying
an opportunity and tried something new. It could well turn out to be a one-off
case, thought provoking for scientists, but for the time being (sadly) a
million miles away from being a realistic prospect as a treatment for HIV. A
cure for HIV may someday be found, but it will result from painstaking research
and not from stem cell transplants as we know them today.</div>Jessica Madgehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14269213390078691607noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3780888714773881579.post-72178279304170629382012-07-15T15:51:00.003+01:002012-07-15T15:53:34.178+01:00Another Tiny Piece in the Cancer Jigsaw<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Most cancers kill by spreading to other organs. Breast cancer, for
instance, if it stayed at the original site, would cause a nasty ulcer, but
this would not cause death. Surgery could cure every case. The problem comes
when it seeds secondaries in places like the lungs or liver, co-opts the blood
supply and eventually prevents an essential organ from doing its job. Result -
another cancer death. Not surprising then that one branch of cancer research is
trying to find out how this process takes place. How </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">do</i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> those marauding cells break away and travel to far-flung parts
of the body?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy are a bit like tackling an
overgrown garden - you can slash the weeds down, burn them off or spray them
with weedkiller. Trouble is that you might also destroy attractive plants and
helpful creatures in the process. These combined methods have saved many lives,
including mine, but we all know that they are far from ideal and can cause a
fair bit of collateral damage to healthy tissues. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">So research these days delves into the most detailed, molecular level. Until
you know the exact molecular interactions, you can't devise a treatment that
could halt the progress of cancer in a focussed way, with limited side effects.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">A team in Germany has just made progress in this area. They have
discovered that some cancer cells use an immune system chemical to break
through artery walls and gain access to the body's high-speed transport system
- the blood. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">There are many of these immune chemicals, known as chemokines or
cytokines. Together they form a complex communication system that allows our
millions of immune cells to communicate with the other cells in the body. When
the immune system sets up an area of inflammation, some of these chemicals act
on the walls of blood vessels, opening up gaps and allowing immune cells to
move out of the blood and attack bacteria in the surrounding tissues. Normally
blood vessels will allow simple molecules to pass through them, but not
relatively huge objects like cells. During inflammation however, some of the
body's largest cells can travel out of the blood system and into the tissues.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">It seems that some cancer cells use this mechanism in reverse, using a
specific immune chemical, opening up holes in nearby blood vessels and creating
a route into the blood.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Painstaking research like this opens up the possibility of blocking the
action of such chemicals and so outwitting more and more cancers. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Wolf et al. Endothelial CCR2 Signaling Induced by
Colon Carcinoma Cells Enables Extravasation via the JAK2-Stat5 and p38MAPK
Pathway</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">. <i>Cancer
Cell</i>, 2012; 22 (1): </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>Jessica Madgehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14269213390078691607noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3780888714773881579.post-59055010468014200462012-07-08T20:09:00.001+01:002012-07-08T20:09:55.854+01:00Could flu be stopped in its tracks?<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">During a 'flu epidemic vaccination helps. It reduces the pool of
susceptible individuals and reduces infection rates in groups most likely to
need hospital treatment. The big limitation is that it does not work very
quickly. It takes the adaptive division of the immune system a week or two to
respond to the vaccine and by that time someone could have contracted flu and
become seriously ill. So it would be very handy if there were some means of
protecting those who have been exposed to the disease - family members, carers, patients
in hospital wards and residents in residential settings spring to mind. Not to
mention people with weakened immune systems who may be vulnerable to both 'flu
and secondary infections.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The other limitation is that flu vaccines are currently strain-specific.
When swine flu started to spread in 2009 it took months before an effective vaccine was in full production. Too late to nip the pandemic in the bud. Too
late to prevent some quarter of a million deaths, worldwide. These numbers are
far higher than original estimates according to a recent analysis published in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Lancet Infectious Diseases</i> last
month</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Exciting then, that an American research team have identified a protein
that, when administered to mice that had just been deliberately infected with
'flu virus, seems to have a significantly protective effect. It works by
stimulating the innate division of the immune system into action - something
that is slow to happen in normal 'flu infection. Furthermore this protein is
already approved for use in humans, as an immune-stimulating adjuvant in
vaccines. This means that translating the research into human trials will be easier
than if it was an untried substance. One of the benefits might be that it is
generic, rather than strain-specific, which could be a real life saver next
time a new pandemic strain emerges. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">This would be an unusual treatment - something that truly "boosts" part of the immune system - as opposed to a wide range of ineffective vitamins, potions and herbs.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;">Sam
D. Sanderson, Marilyn L. Thoman, Kornelia Kis, Elizabeth L. Virts, Edgar B.
Herrera, Stephanie Widmann, Homero Sepulveda, Joy A. Phillips. <b>Innate Immune
Induction and Influenza Protection Elicited by a Response-Selective Agonist of
Human C5a</b>. <i>PLoS ONE</i>, 2012; 7 (7): </span></div>Jessica Madgehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14269213390078691607noreply@blogger.com0